1.新建虛擬環(huán)境的bug

描述

• 在PyCharm內(nèi)新建或者打開(kāi)一個(gè)項(xiàng)目時(shí)，我們需要選擇一個(gè)python解釋器，如果我們選擇新建一個(gè)虛擬環(huán)境，如下圖所示：

• 進(jìn)入項(xiàng)目后，我們打開(kāi)終端，可以看到自動(dòng)進(jìn)入了虛擬環(huán)境：

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(venv) PS D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach>

• 但是，如果我們嘗試使用pip命令，會(huì)報(bào)錯(cuò)：

(venv) PS D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach> pip list
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\Users\Xu Han\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\runpy.py", line 197, in _run_module_as_main
    return _run_code(code, main_globals, None,
  File "C:\Users\Xu Han\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python39\lib\runpy.py", line 87, in _run_code
    exec(code, run_globals)
  File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\Scripts\pip.exe\__main__.py", line 4, in <module>
  File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\main.py", line 9, in <module>
    from pip._internal.cli.autocompletion import autocomplete
  File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\autocompletion.py", line 10, in <module>
    from pip._internal.cli.main_parser import create_main_parser
  File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\main_parser.py", line 8, in <module>
    from pip._internal.cli import cmdoptions
  File "D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach\venv\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\cmdoptions.py", line 29, in <module>
    from pip._internal.models.target_python import TargetPython
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pip._internal.models.target_python'

解決方法

• 這時(shí)，我們只需要刪除圖中的文件夾：

• 然后再?lài)L試使用pip命令：

(venv) PS D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\ExForTeach> pip list
Package            Version
------------------ ---------
bleach             6.0.0
certifi            2022.12.7
chardet            5.1.0
charset-normalizer 2.1.1
contourpy          1.0.7
cycler             0.11.0
docutils           0.19
fonttools          4.38.0
idna               3.4
importlib-metadata 6.5.0
importlib-resources 5.12.0
jaraco.classes     3.2.3
keyring            23.13.1
kiwisolver         1.4.4
markdown-it-py     2.2.0
matplotlib         3.7.0
mdurl              0.1.2
more-itertools     9.1.0
numpy              1.24.1

• 可以看到pip已經(jīng)可以正常使用了！
• 由于我繼承了全局站點(diǎn)，因此這里我的軟件包很多

2.更換路徑的bug

• 前幾天，我將項(xiàng)目的路徑從D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1改成C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1，然后嘗試在虛擬環(huán)境中pip list，報(bào)錯(cuò)如下：

Fatal error in launcher: Unable to create process using '"D:\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv\Scripts\python.exe"  "C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv\Scripts\pip.exe" list': ????????????

解決方法

• 在pycharm中，右擊venv\Scripts這個(gè)文件夾，查找替換成現(xiàn)在的路徑即可，如下：

• 然后重新安裝pip，由于這里是虛擬環(huán)境，所以python -m ensurepip是不管用的

(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> python -m ensurepip
Looking in links: c:\Users\XUHAN~1\AppData\Local\Temp\tmpr6ouww8y
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools in c:\users\xu han\desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv\lib\site-packages (60.2.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pip in c:\users\xu han\appdata\local\programs\python\python39\lib\site-packages (23.1)

• 需要先嘗試卸載：

(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> python -m pip uninstall pip

如果你遇到了第一個(gè)bug，已經(jīng)刪除了venv\Lib\site-packages\pip和venv\Lib\site-packages\pip-23.3.1.dist-info，就不用卸載了

• 然后嘗試升級(jí)python.exe -m pip install --upgrade，升級(jí)的途中會(huì)自動(dòng)安裝：

(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1>  python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
Requirement already satisfied: pip in c:\users\xu han\appdata\local\programs\python\python39\lib\site-packages (23.1)
Collecting pip
  Using cached https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/packages/47/6a/453160888fab7c6a432a6e25f8afe6256d0d9f2cbd25971021da6491d899/pip-23.3.1-py3-none-any.whl (2.1 MB)
Installing collected packages: pip
  Attempting uninstall: pip
    Found existing installation: pip 23.1
    Not uninstalling pip at c:\users\xu han\appdata\local\programs\python\python39\lib\site-packages, outside environment C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1\venv
    Can't uninstall 'pip'. No files were found to uninstall.
Successfully installed pip-23.3.1

[notice] A new release of pip is available: 23.1 -> 23.3.1
[notice] To update, run: python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip

3.虛擬環(huán)境使用

3.1 特性

• 在虛擬環(huán)境中安裝軟件包完全不影響全局軟件包
• 只要選擇繼承全局站點(diǎn)，虛擬環(huán)境就可以自由地使用全局軟件包
• 如圖，我在虛擬環(huán)境中安裝了scipy，但是在全局中并沒(méi)有這個(gè)軟件包：

scipy      1.10.1
setuptools 60.2.0
six        1.16.0

setuptools 67.7.1
six        1.16.0
torch      1.13.1+cu116

3.2 進(jìn)入與退出

進(jìn)入

PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> ./venv/Scripts/activate

退出

(venv) PS C:\Users\Xu Han\Desktop\pycharm-projects\venv1> ./venv/Scripts/deactivate

總結(jié)

以上為個(gè)人經(jīng)驗(yàn)，希望能給大家一個(gè)參考，也希望大家多多支持腳本之家。