# 常見(jiàn)內(nèi)置異常示例
result = 10 / 0  # ZeroDivisionError
lst = [1, 2]
print(lst[3])  # IndexError

try:
    # 可能出錯(cuò)的代碼
    file = open("non_existent.txt")
except FileNotFoundError:
    # 處理特定異常
    print("文件不存在，已創(chuàng)建新文件")
    file = open("non_existent.txt", "w")
else:
    # 無(wú)異常時(shí)執(zhí)行
    print("文件操作成功")
finally:
    # 無(wú)論是否異常都執(zhí)行
    file.close()

class MyError(Exception):
    pass
 
# 使用示例
def check_value(x):
    if x > 100:
        raise MyError("值不能超過(guò)100")
    return x
 
try:
    check_value(150)
except MyError as e:
    print(f"捕獲到自定義錯(cuò)誤: {e}")

class BalanceInsufficientError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, balance, amount):
        self.balance = balance
        self.amount = amount
        super().__init__(f"余額不足：當(dāng)前余額{balance}，需{amount}")
 
# 使用示例
def withdraw(balance, amount):
    if balance < amount:
        raise BalanceInsufficientError(balance, amount)
    return balance - amount
 
try:
    withdraw(500, 1000)
except BalanceInsufficientError as e:
    print(e)  # 余額不足：當(dāng)前余額500，需1000

class BankError(Exception):
    """銀行系統(tǒng)基礎(chǔ)異常"""
    pass
 
class BalanceInsufficientError(BankError):
    """余額不足異常"""
    pass
 
class InvalidAccountError(BankError):
    """無(wú)效賬戶(hù)異常"""
    pass

class TemperatureError(Exception):
    def __init__(self, temp, unit="C"):
        self.temp = temp
        self.unit = unit
        super().__init__(f"溫度異常: {temp}°{unit}")
    
    def to_fahrenheit(self):
        if self.unit.upper() == "C":
            return (self.temp * 9/5) + 32
        return self.temp  # 假設(shè)已經(jīng)是華氏度
 
# 使用示例
try:
    if TemperatureError(-300).temp < -273.15:
        raise TemperatureError(-300)
except TemperatureError as e:
    print(e)  # 溫度異常: -300°C
    print(f"華氏度: {e.to_fahrenheit():.1f}°F")

class NegativeAgeError(Exception):
    """當(dāng)嘗試設(shè)置負(fù)年齡時(shí)拋出
    
    Attributes:
        age (int): 嘗試設(shè)置的非法年齡值
    """
    def __init__(self, age):
        self.age = age
        super().__init__(f"年齡不能為負(fù)數(shù): {age}")

import logging
 
class DataProcessingError(Exception):
    pass
 
def process_data(data):
    try:
        if not data:
            raise DataProcessingError("空數(shù)據(jù)集")
        # 處理數(shù)據(jù)...
    except DataProcessingError as e:
        logging.error(f"數(shù)據(jù)處理失敗: {str(e)}", exc_info=True)
        raise  # 可選擇重新拋出

class UserRegistrationError(Exception):
    pass
 
class UsernameTooShortError(UserRegistrationError):
    def __init__(self, username):
        self.username = username
        super().__init__(f"用戶(hù)名'{username}'太短，至少需要4個(gè)字符")
 
class PasswordWeakError(UserRegistrationError):
    pass
 
def register_user(username, password):
    if len(username) < 4:
        raise UsernameTooShortError(username)
    if len(password) < 8:
        raise PasswordWeakError("密碼至少需要8個(gè)字符")
    # 實(shí)際注冊(cè)邏輯...
 
try:
    register_user("ab", "123")
except UserRegistrationError as e:
    print(f"注冊(cè)失敗: {e}")

class APIError(Exception):
    """API請(qǐng)求基礎(chǔ)異常"""
    pass
 
class HTTPStatusError(APIError):
    def __init__(self, status_code, response):
        self.status_code = status_code
        self.response = response
        super().__init__(f"HTTP錯(cuò)誤: {status_code}")
 
class TimeoutError(APIError):
    pass
 
def fetch_data(url, timeout=5):
    try:
        # 模擬請(qǐng)求
        import random
        if random.random() < 0.3:
            raise TimeoutError("請(qǐng)求超時(shí)")
        status = random.choice([200, 404, 500])
        if status != 200:
            raise HTTPStatusError(status, {"url": url})
        return {"data": "success"}
    except TimeoutError:
        raise
    except Exception as e:
        raise APIError(f"未知API錯(cuò)誤: {str(e)}")
 
# 使用示例
try:
    result = fetch_data("https://api.example.com")
except APIError as e:
    if isinstance(e, HTTPStatusError):
        print(f"HTTP錯(cuò)誤: {e.status_code}, 響應(yīng): {e.response}")
    elif isinstance(e, TimeoutError):
        print("請(qǐng)求超時(shí)，請(qǐng)重試")
    else:
        print(f"API錯(cuò)誤: {e}")

# 不好的做法
raise FileNotFoundError
 
# 好的做法
raise FileNotFoundError("配置文件config.ini未找到")

# 不好的做法
try:
    # 代碼
except Exception:
    # 處理
 
# 好的做法
try:
    # 代碼
except ValueError:
    # 處理值錯(cuò)誤
except IOError:
    # 處理IO錯(cuò)誤

def find_in_list(lst, target):
try:
while True:
item = next(lst)  # 假設(shè)lst是迭代器
if item == target:
return item
except StopIteration:
return None

def find_in_list(lst, target):
for item in lst:
if item == target:
return item
return None

try:
    1 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
    raise ValueError("無(wú)效計(jì)算") from None  # 隱藏原始異常

try:
    raise KeyError("原始錯(cuò)誤")
except KeyError as e:
    try:
        raise ValueError("包裝錯(cuò)誤") from e
    except ValueError as new_e:
        print(new_e.__cause__)  # 原始錯(cuò)誤: KeyError('原始錯(cuò)誤')

def process_file(path):
    try:
        with open(path) as f:
            content = f.read()
    except OSError as e:
        raise RuntimeError(f"無(wú)法處理文件 {path}") from e